Class Notes of CSCI 250 Assembly Language (Fall 2026)
=====================================================

    A: 10      2^5 =   32      16^2 =   256     0 = 0000
    B: 11      2^6 =   64      16^3 =  4096     1 = 0001
    C: 12      2^7 =  128      16^4 = 65536     2 = 0010
    D: 13      2^8 =  256                       3 = 0011
    E: 14      2^9 =  512                       4 = 0100
    F: 15     2^10 = 1024                       5 = 0101
                                                6 = 0110
                                                7 = 0111
						8 = 1000


Friday, September 25
--------------------

Slide 4.8:
----------


Wednesday, September 23
-----------------------

Slide 4.8:
----------

    75E0(16) = 30176(10)


    1462 / 16 = 91;  R = 6
      91 / 16 =  5;  R = B
       5 / 16 =  0;  R = 5

    1462 = 5B6


Monday, September 21
--------------------

Slide 4.5:
----------

    B65F = 15 + 5x16 + 6x16^2 + 11x16^3
         = 15 + 80   + 6x256  + 11x4096
         = 46687


Slide 4.4:
----------

      10000 0000 = 2^8   = 256
    -          1 =   1   =   1
    --------------------------
       1111 1111 = 2^8-1 = 255 



Slide 4.2:
----------

     0x2^0 + 1x2^1 + 0x2^2 + 1x2^3 + 1x2^4
   = 0     + 2     + 0     + 8     + 16
   = 26


Slide 3.16.c:
-------------

     EAX = 0

     EAX = 0 - 20 = -20
     EAX = -20 + 32 = 12


Slide 3.16.b:
-------------

     EAX = 20

     20h = 2 x 16 = 32

       32
     - 20
     ----
       12 = X


Friday, September 18
--------------------


Slide 3.16.a:
-------------

    EAX = 20h = 32d

      32
    - 20
    -----
      12 = EAX


Slide 3.15.c:
-------------

    EAX = -200

      100
    - 200
    -----
     -100 = X


Slide 3.15.b:
-------------

      100
    - 200
    -----
     -100


Slide 3.15.a:
-------------

      100
    - 200
    -----
     -100
     
    Error


Slide 3.13.c:
-------------

   Ah = 10d
   10 + 10 = 20

   Error


Slide 3.13.b:
-------------

   10h = 16d
   10 x 16 = 160


Slide 3.13.a:
-------------

      1010
    - 1000
    ------
      0010 = 2d

      10q = 8d = 1000b


Wednesday, September 16
-----------------------

Slide 3.10.e:
-------------

 INCLUDE Irvine32.inc 
 .data
  X  SDWORD  -5000h 
 .code
 main PROC 
  mov   eax, [offset X]
  call  WriteHex
  exit
 main ENDP
 END main

 Output: FFFFB000


Slide 3.10:
-----------

     EAX: 1234 5678

          78
	  56
	  34
	  12

     EAX: 1234 ABCD

          not ABCD 5678


Slide 3.9:
----------

      FFFF FFFF
    -      5000
    -----------
      FFFF AFFF
    +         1
    -----------
      FFFF B000 = -5000


    A: 10
    B: 11
    C: 12
    D: 13
    E: 14
    F: 15


Monday, September 14
--------------------

Slide 3.7:
----------

   book  BYTE  "MASM Assembler 0", 0Dh, 0Ah, 0

   mov   edx, OFFSET book
   call  WriteString


Slide 3.4:
----------

      00050000h
    -     4000h
    -----------
      0004C000h

    A: 10
    B: 11
    C: 12
    D: 13
    E: 14
    F: 15

=======================================================

      FFFF FFFF
    -      5000
      ---------
      FFFF AFFF
    +         1
      ---------
      FFFF B000 = -5000


relocatable address
$t6 = 1008 (1000 + 8)  // base address = 1000
$t6 = 2008 (2000 + 8)  // base address = 2000

4th generation:
SQL: FIND ALL RECORDS WHERE NAME IS "SMITH"

3rd generation:
for ( i = 0; i < 1000; i++ ) {
   if ( name[i] == "SMITH" )
     print record[i]
}

CPU (with +, but no x)
1 + 2 = 3

Microarchitecture (without x)
2 x 3 = 6 = 2 + 2 + 2 (microcode or firmware)

SIMD: Single Instruction/Multiple Data
RISC: Reduced Instruction Set Computer (ARM & MIPS)
CISC: Complex Instruction Set Computer (Intel)

MIPS: https://mips.com/
ARM:  https://www.arm.com/products/silicon-ip-cpu